Category Archives: Bonds

2005 is off to a rocky start

This market scares me.

There are always strange internal inconsistencies in markets — efficient markets are a myth — but not usually like this.

6 straight days of down days on the Dow, and the financial news is pinning this on dollar strength and inflation fears. That reasoning does not hold water.

If inflation is the underlying issue, then why are commodity prices falling? Specifically, why aren’t we seeing the flight to quality that normally lifts the price of gold. And if this is a strong dollar story, then why are foreign stock markets falling essentially in line with US markets? And why is the VIX (Volatility index) down? Normally, with trending stocks, the VIX moves up. When the VIX moves down, options prices generally fall.

It’s a strange combination: Stocks down, bonds flat, options down, commodities down, foreign stocks down.

Pure conjecture:

Maybe some big funds had to do some major asset allocation. For example, if i maintain both stocks and bonds at specific percentages of my portfolio, and my stocks went up more than my bonds in 2004, then rebalancing would mean selling some stocks to buy bonds just to keep my asset allocation constant. If the asset allocation included global stocks, bonds, and commodities, then clumsy execution of that kind of trading could lead to the kinds of moves we saw today.

Another possibility might be that large scale selling of global stock markets, commodities, and options (to a smaller degree) by smaller investors is moving capital into US dollar-based cash.

Implications:

Prices are lower and the risks do not seem to have fundamentally changed. However, this feels like a red flag for possible crash in order of 8 to 15%. I’d put those odds at 5% for the next month. If markets right themselves – or at least reestablish their normal linkages – then I’ll feel much more comfortable again, and would overweight international equity beta with a weak dollar emphasis.

Historic Debt will lead to Inflation

I’ve talked about the debt and inflation before, but the following might scare you:

Although the level of deficit is the largest in history, it is not the largest when measured as a percentage of GDP. The current deficit is about 4.3% of GDP. This is high by historic standards, but has been exceeded in 6 of the fiscal years since 1962. BUT the private sector is larger than it has ever been, and issuing more debt than ever before. Total $US debt when combining private and public debt is about $35 trillion, or 300% of GDP.

Don’t think that inflation is soley a function of public debt. No, foreign investment is a competition among all capital securities, and it is net US debt interest owed as a percentage of GDP (as well as US GDP as a percentage of global production, and other factors) that underly inflation.

Do Deficits Matter? Does Inflation Matter?

Yes. Deficits cause inflation.

National debt is one of the most important factors that determines the value of the US dollar and international confidence in American investments. With extensive history and other nations as examples, we clearly see that as the debt gets bigger, we will risk higher inflation, not be able to buy as many foreign goods, and see less international interest in our stock markets.

This fiscal year’s $477 billion deficit (Oct 1, 2003 – Oct 1, 2004) is the largest in US history.

Federal Budget Surplus or Deficit

Although the level of deficit is the largest in history, it is not the largest when measured as a percentage of GDP. The current deficit is about 4.3% of GDP. This is high by historic standards, but has been exceeded in 6 of the fiscal years since 1962.

Data source: http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=1821&sequence=0

If you are wealthy

We all like tax cuts that put money into our pockets today, but these tax cuts impact income, not wealth. Inflation, on the other hand, is a tax on wealth. If you are wealthy, then inflation will cost you a great deal in terms of spending power. You will be pushed into equity investments because fixed income and cash are hurt by inflation and rising interest rates. If you would be hurt by inflation, then deficits are your enemy.

If you are in debt

Inflation decreases the value of wealth and debt. Those who have money can buy less with it, and those who are in debt find it easier to pay off. This discounting of old wealth makes the “real” distribution of wealth less concentrated. It brings us all closer to each other by bringing us all closer to zero. If you are in debt, then inflation will reduce the burden, making it easier to pay off. If you are in debt, then inflation and deficits are your friend.

Productivity and Deflation

What happens when productivity grows faster than production?

We produce more with less work and that means unemployment, right? Initially, the answer is yes, but looking at history we can see that the answer is more encouraging than that. Productivity growth eventually transitions into falling prices. And these days, it should happen even faster. Here’s why:

Competition and consumer choice, especially now that information flows so freely, has led to much more efficient markets in terms of pricing. Improving productivity is rarely unique to a particular company… in other words, if one company benefits from a new technology, then others follow, competition drives prices down, and consumers ultimately benefit.

Are falling prices always good?

Falling prices is called deflation, and deflation is an ugly beast; it exaggerates the disparity in the distribution of wealth and creates an artificial investment hurdle. Deflation increases the buying power of wealth. It makes money more powerful. Those who have money can buy more with it, and people in debt fall deeper in debt. This makes the “real” distribution of wealth even more concentrated. Similarly, deflation means that your cash grows in value; if your cash grows in value, then your investments will have to appear very strong before you will be willing to make them.

The solution to these problems is a low stable inflation rate. Low stable inflation helps to maintain investment by discouraging holding cash, slowly eroding stagnant concentrations of old wealth unless it is invested.

In order to achieve a low stable inflation rate, the deflationary pressure of productivity growth should be balanced by growth in the money supply and a low FED Funds rate. The faster productivity grows (and it appears to be accelerating over the decades), the more aggressive the Federal Reserve may have to be in order to avoid deflation.

AI and Program Trading

NewScientist published a good article describing neural network program trading systems.

An extension allows for a large number of competing signalling systems. One such signalling system may be an improvement on traditional cointegration techniques.